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Numerous other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or highly regarded individuals. Perth Scientology. Though it has actually attained some credibility as a religion in lots of nations, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field people it views as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark discover this info here (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found More Bonuses in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet survey run by the governmental shift group soliciting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted one of the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever committed by a company not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime dedicated by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No individual or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as trying to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.